BLACKMUN, J., post, p. 676, STEVENS, J., post, p. 676, and SOUTER, J., post, p. 679, filed dissenting opinions. The balances for the accounts that follow appear in the Adjusted Trial Balance columns of the end-of-period spreadsheet. Appellee Reno . 461 (EDNC 1992). Carr (1962) was a landmark case concerning re-apportionment and redistricting. This Court's subsequent reliance on Gomillion in other Fourteenth Amendment cases suggests the correctness of Justice Whittaker's view. If it is permissible to draw boundaries to provide adequate representation for rural voters, for union members, for Hasidic Jews, for Polish Americans, or for Republicans, it necessarily follows that it is permissible to do the same thing for members of the very minority group whose history in the United States gave birth to the Equal Protection Clause. In the absence of an allegation of such harm, I would affirm the judgment of the District Court. JOHN H. MERRILL, ALABAMA SECRETARY OF STATE, ET AL. ); post, at 684, and n. 6 (opinion of SOUTER, J. Nor, because of the distinctions between the two categories, is there any risk that Fourteenth Amendment districting law as such will be taken to imply anything for purposes of general Fourteenth Amendment scrutiny about "benign" racial discrimination, or about group entitlement as distinct from individual protection, or about the appropriateness of strict or other heightened scrutiny.7. tutes an unconstitutional racial gerrymander. Our focus is on appellants' claim that the State engaged in unconstitutional racial gerrymandering. As for representative democracy, I have difficulty seeing how it is threatened (indeed why it is not, rather, enhanced) by districts that are not even alleged to dilute anyone's vote. (a) The District Court properly dismissed the claims against the federal appellees. Thus, if appellants' allegations of a racial gerrymander are not contradicted on remand, the District Court must determine whether the General Assembly's reapportionment plan satisfies strict scrutiny. Robinson O. Everett argued the cause for appellants. Pp. In each instance, race is consciously utilized by the legislature for electoral purposes; in each instance, we have put the plaintiff challenging the district lines to the. A new issue of common stock: The flotation costs of the new common stock would be 8% of the amount raised. several smaller, dispersed facilities? T(t)=37.29+0.46cos[12(t16.37)]. 808 F. It was a function of the type of injury upon which the Court insisted. R. Dixon, Democratic Representation: Reapportionment in Law and Politics 459 (1968). Give examples of input devices for computer systems. For discussion of the substance of these opinions, see infra text accompanying notes 53-74. Earlier this Term, we unanimously reaffirmed that racial bloc voting and minority-group political cohesion never can be assumed, but specifically must be proved in each case in order to establish that a redistricting plan dilutes minority voting strength in violation of 2. They sought similar relief against the federal appellees, arguing, alternatively, that the federal appellees had misconstrued the Voting Rights Act or that the Act itself was unconstitutional. Traditional civil rights groups--the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, and the Mexican American Legal Defense Fund--submitted amicus curiae briefs in favor of the minority districts, and groups with long histories of opposition to quota programs--Washington Legal Foundation and the American Jewish Congress--argued against them. In their complaint, appellants did not claim that the General Assembly's reapportionment plan unconstitutionally "diluted" white voting strength. Moreover, it seems clear to us that proof sometimes will not be difficult at all. v. RENO, ATTORNEY GENERAL, et al. Briefs of amici curiae urging affirmance were filed for the Democratic National Committee et al. Brief for State Appellees 5, n. 6. Ante, at 658. See 425 U. S., at 142, n. 14. given $1,000\$1,000$1,000 in food stamps to supplement his $1,000\$1,000$1,000 Karcher v. Daggett, 462 U. S. 725, 755 (1983) (STEVENS, J., concurring) ("One need not use Justice Stewart's classic definition of obscenity-'I know it when I see it' -as an ultimate standard for judging the constitutionality of a gerrymander to recognize that dramatically irregular shapes may have sufficient probative force to call for an explanation" (footnotes omitted)). An understanding of the nature of appellants' claim is critical to our resolution of the case. Of course the Court has not held that the disadvantaging effect of these uses of race can never be justified by a sufficiently close relationship to a sufficiently strong state interest. What is the NPV of the new plant? 5. of Ed., 476 U. S. 267, 277-278 (plurality opinion). Might the consumer be better off with $2,000\$2,000$2,000 in income? Analogous Case. If the company issues these new bonds at an annual coupon rate of 8%, they will sell at par. The plaintiffs alleged that the statute excluded nonwhites from one district and concentrated them in the other three. 649-652. Of the following two options-creation of two minority influence districts or of a single majority-minority district-is one "narrowly tailored" and the other not? The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography, AP Edition, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics, Douglas A. Lind, Samuel A. Wathen, William G. Marchal, Chapter 14 and 15 Study Guide 8th BJU History. The majority found no support for appellants' contentions that race-based districting is prohibited by Article I, 4, or Article I, 2, of the Constitution, or by the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Grofman, Would Vince Lombardi Have Been Right If He Had Said: "When It Comes to Redistricting, Race Isn't Everything, It's the Only Thing"?, 14 Cardozo L. Rev. The Court offers them no explanation of this paradox. In fact, our country's long and persistent history of racial discrimination in voting-as well as our Fourteenth Amendment jurisprudence, which always has reserved the strictest scrutiny for discrimination on the basis of race, see supra, at 642-644-would seem to compel the opposite conclusion. Id., at 313. 115 S. Ct. 2475 (1995). Journalize the entry to record the identification of the customers bad debt. The Court's opinion essentially calls into question the validity of the entire makeup of the House of Representatives because in most of the States there was a significant difference in the populations of their congressional districts. Furthermore, how it intends to manage this standard, I do not know. 91-2038, p. 43a (Complaint in Pope v. Blue, No. As for this latter category, we. They alleged that the two districts concentrated a majority of black voters arbitrarily without regard to considerations such as compactness, contiguousness, geographical boundaries, or political subdivisions, in order to create congressional districts along racial lines and to assure the election of two black representatives. Finally, the highly fractured decision in UJO does not foreclose the claim recognized here, which is analytically distinct from the vote-dilution claim made there. This rule applies as well to a classification that is ostensibly neutral but is an obvious pretext for racial discrimination. Ostensibly race-neutral devices such as literacy tests with "grandfather" clauses and "good character" provisos were devised to deprive black voters of the franchise. We have indicated that similar preconditions apply in 2 challenges to single-member districts. electoral process. A second distinction between districting and most other governmental decisions in which race has figured is that those other decisions using racial criteria characteristically occur in circumstances in which the use of race to the advantage of one person is necessarily at the obvious expense of a member of a different race. To the extent that no other racial group is injured, remedying a Voting Rights Act violation does not involve preferential treatment. Shaw v. Reno. To comply with 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 - which prohibits a covered jurisdiction from implementing changes in a "standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting" without federal authorization - North Carolina submitted to the Attorney General a congressional . This problem continues the Draper Consulting situation from previous problems. Shortly after the complaint in Pope v. Blue was filed, appellants instituted the present action in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina. Laws, ch. Subsequent decisions of this Court have similarly interpreted Gomillion as turning on the unconstitutional effect of the legislation. Action verbs tell what the subject is doing or what is being done to the subject. Though they might be dissatisfied at the prospect of casting a vote for a losing candidate-a lot shared by many, including a disproportionate number of minor-, its black citizens with respect to their exercise of the voting franchise from approximately 1900 to 1970 by employing a poll tax [and] a literacy test. Did the North Carolina residents who objected to the majority-minority district raise a valid question under the Fourteenth Amendment? The General Assembly located the second district not in the south-central to southeastern part of the State, but in the north-central region along Interstate 85. 639-652. 14, 1. See ante, at 649. Northbound and southbound drivers on 1-85 sometimes find themselves in separate districts in one county, only to "trade" districts when they enter the next county. We previously have recognized a significant state interest in eradicating the effects of past racial discrimination. Although the State argues that it had a strong basis for concluding that remedial action was warranted, only three Justices in UJO were prepared to say that States have a significant interest in minimizing the consequences of racial bloc voting apart from the Act's requirements and without regard for sound districting principles. See Fed. Nothing in the decision precludes white voters (or voters of any other race) from bringing the analytically distinct claim that a reapportionment plan rationally cannot be understood as anything other than an effort to segregate citizens into separate voting districts on the basis of race without sufficient justification. In 1982, it amended 2 of the Voting Rights Act to prohibit legislation that results in the dilution of a minority group's voting strength, regardless of the legislature's intent. Increased use of accounts payable financing: Because this financing is part of the companys ongoing daily business, it has no flotation costs, and the company assigns it a cost that is the same as the overall firm WACC. SHAW v. RENO(1993) No. Croson, 488 U. S., at 494 (plurality opinion); see also id., at 520 (SCALIA, J., concurring in judgment). Constitution prohibits using race as the basis for how to draw districts, 1. It winds in snakelike fashion through tobacco country, financial centers, and manufacturing areas "until it gobbles in. See 42 U. S. C. 1973c (neither a declaratory judgment by the District Court for the District of Columbia nor preclearance by the Attorney General "shall bar a subsequent action to enjoin enforcement" of new voting practice); Allen, 393 U. S., at 549-550 (after preclearance, "private parties may enjoin the enforcement of the new enactment in traditional suits attacking its constitutionality"). Shaw v. Reno is an important decision because it represents a conservative shift on the Court. Chief Judge Voorhees agreed that race-conscious redistricting is not per se unconstitutional but dissented from the rest of the majority's equal protection analysis. But in the context of a Fourteenth Amendment challenge, courts must bear in mind the difference between what the law permits and what it requires. Despite their invocation of the ideal of a "color-blind" Constitution, see Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U. S. 537, 559 (1896) (Harlan, J., dissenting), appellants appear to concede that race-conscious redistricting is not always unconstitutional. Id., at 133 (emphasis added). In other words, the "analytically distinct claim" the majority discovers today was in plain view and did not carry the day for petitioners. What appellants object to is redistricting legislation that is so extremely irregular on its face that it rationally can be viewed only as an effort to segregate the races for purposes of voting, without regard for traditional districting principles and without sufficiently compelling justification. J.). Justice Frankfurter characterized the complaint as alleging a deprivation of the right to vote in violation of the Fifteenth Amendment. A reapportionment plan that includes in one district individuals who belong to the same race, but who are otherwise widely separated by geographical and political boundaries, and who may have little in common with one another but the color of their skin, bears an uncomfortable resemblance to political apartheid. See South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U. S. 301, 309-313 (1966). I summed up my views on this matter in the plurality opinion in Davis v. Bandemer, 478 U. S. 109 (1986).3 Because districting inevitably is the expression of interest group politics, and because "the power to influence the political process is not limited to winning elections," id., at 132. Supreme Court rulings in the Shaw v. Reno (1995) and the Shelby County vs. Holder (2013) cases relied heavily on the reasoning behind the passage of the Voting Rights Act (1965). APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA, No. Appellants contend that redistricting legislation that is so bizarre on its face that it is "unexplainable on grounds other than race," Arlington Heights, supra, at 266, demands the same close scrutiny that we give other state laws that classify citizens by race. For the following sentence, locate the action verb and underline it twice. SHAW v. RENO (1993) AP U.S. Government and Politics Study Guide IMPACT The decision in Shaw v. Reno led to nationwide changes after the 2000 Census. The Court characterizes the decision as "highly fractured," ante, at 651, but that should not detract attention from the rejection by a majority in UJO of the claim that the State's intentional creation of majority-minority districts transgressed constitutional norms. UJO set forth a standard under which white voters can establish unconstitutional vote dilution. See Garza v. County of Los Angeles, 918 F.2d 763, 771 (CA9 1990). In the absence of an allegation of such harm, I would affirm the judgment of the District Court. 430 U. S., at 167-168 (opinion of WHITE, J., joined by STEVENS and REHNQUIST, JJ.). To locate the subject, use the verb preceded by Who? The wide range of opinions represented in the ruling have made it challenging for subsequent cases to use New York Times v. United States as precedent. Post, at 678 (STEVENS, J., dissenting). The distinction is without foundation. indicator that some form of gerrymandering (racial or other) might have taken place and that "something may be amiss." White v. Regester, supra, at 766. Two judges also concluded that, to the extent appellants challenged the Attorney General's preclearance decisions, their claim was foreclosed by this Court's holding in Morris v. Gressette, 432 U. S. 491 (1977). They reinforce the belief, held by too many for too much of our history, that individuals should be judged by the color of their skin. 42 U. S. C. 1973c; see also 1973b(f)(2). See Richmond v. J. Race in redistricting is permissible as long as configurations are not too extreme. By this, I meant that the group must exhibit "strong indicia of lack of political power and the denial of fair representation," so that it could be said that it has "essentially been shut out of the political process." Cf. App. To help you find the subject, ask, Who answered? 1 "Bloc racial voting is an unfortunate phenomenon, but we are repeatedly faced with the findings of knowledgeable district courts that it is a fact of life. 657-658. Supp., at 472. Argued April 20, 1993-Decided June 28,1993. Syllabus ; View Case ; Appellant Shaw . Location North Carolina General Assembly. The Court, while seemingly agreeing with this position, warns that the State's redistricting effort must be "narrowly tailored" to further its interest in complying with the law. Geographically, the State divides into three regions: the eastern Coastal Plain, the central Piedmont Plateau, and the western mountains. How do you think the civil rights movement and federal laws led to changes in American society and politics? Constitutional Issue/Question (Shaw v. Reno). What is the purpose of an input device? Journalize the entry to record and establish the allowance using the percentage method for January credit sales. As we have explained, however, reapportionment legislation that cannot be understood as anything other than an effort to classify and separate voters by race injures voters in other ways. Centered in the northeast portion of the State, it moves southward until it tapers to a narrow band; then, with finger-like extensions, it reaches far into the southernmost part of the State near the South Carolina border. Plainly, this variety is not implicated by appellants' allegations and need not detain us further. Another of the weapons in the States' arsenal was the racial gerrymander-"the deliberate and arbitrary distortion of district boundaries for [racial] purposes." Drawing on the "one person, one vote" principle, this Court recognized that "[t]he right to vote can be affected by a dilution of voting power as well as by an absolute prohibition on casting a ballot.". Only one district in this new map was a "majority-minority" district (a district with more minority voters than white voters, in this case black voters). I fail to see how a decision based on a failure to establish discriminatory intent can support the inference that it is unnecessary to prove discriminatory effect. Rule Civ. Yes; the Court agreed that the shape of the proposed district was so odd that there was no compelling explanation for its shape other than separating voters by race. 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause. 3 The majority does not acknowledge that we require such a showing from plaintiffs who bring a vote dilution claim under 2 of the Voting Rights Act. Supp., at 467. The General Assembly's first redistricting plan contained one majority-black district centered in that area of the State. v. Bakke, 438 U. S. 265, 304-305 (1978) (Powell, J.) For these reasons, we conclude that a plaintiff challenging a reapportionment statute under the Equal Protection Clause may state a claim by alleging that the legislation, though race neutral on its face, rationally cannot be understood as anything other than an effort to separate voters into different districts on the basis of race, and that the separation lacks sufficient justification. The distinction is untenable. It may therefore be that few electoral districting cases are ever likely to employ the strict scrutiny the Court holds to be applicable on remand if appellants' allegations are "not contradicted." 1 It has been argued that the required showing of discriminatory effect should be lessened once a plaintiff successfully demonstrates intentional discrimination. Supp., at 468-469. The court ruled in a 5-4 decision that redistricting based on race must be held to a standard of strict scrutiny under the equal protection clause. for a remand at all, even accepting the majority's basic approach to this case. In the lower court record, the district was said to resemble a Rorschach ink-blot test, and theWall Street Journalclaimed the district looked like a "bug splattered on a windshield." Pope v. Blue, 809 F. Supp. In the present case, the facts could sustain no such allegation. Although the Court concluded that the redistricting scheme at issue in Beer was nonretrogressive, it did not hold that the plan, for that reason, was immune from constitutional challenge. See Appendix, infra. 20, 1993, p. A4. Carr. Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U. S. 356; Guinn v. United States, 238 U. S. 347; cf. Why did four justices in this case dissent from majority opinion? The Court expresses no view on whether appellants successfully could have challenged a district such as that suggested by the Attorney General or whether their complaint stated a claim under other constitutional provisions. 21A376 (21-1087) v. MARCUS CASTER, ET AL. Gomillion thus supports appellants' contention that district lines obviously drawn for the purpose of separating voters by race require careful scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause regardless of the motivations underlying their adoption. The Twelfth District received even harsher criticism. 408 (E.D.N.C. In 1991, a group of white voters in North Carolina challenged the state's new congressional district map, which had two "majority-minority" districts. The dissenters make two other arguments that cannot be reconciled with our precedents. Id., at 154, n. 14 (quoting Brief for Petitioners, O. T. 1976, No. It is also unnecessary to decide at this stage of the litigation whether the plan advances a state interest distinct from the Act: eradicating the effects of past racial discrimination. Appellants contend that redistricting legislation that is so bizarre on its face that it is "unexplainable on grounds other than race,"Arlington Heights, demands the same close scrutiny that we give other state laws that classify citizens by race. Constitution prohibits using race as the basis for how to draw districts, 1. Nor if dilution is proven is there any need for further constitutional scrutiny; there has never been a suggestion that such use of race could be justified under any type of scrutiny, since the dilution of the right to vote can not be said to serve any legitimate governmental purpose. We have rejected such perceptions elsewhere as impermissible racial stereotypes. of Cal. When a newly created district cannot be explained by means other than race, it is subject to strict scrutiny. Under the General Assembly's plan, two will vote for congressional representatives in District 12 and three will vote in neighboring District 2. What is the maximum temperature? SHAW et al. Putting that to one side, it seems utterly implausible to me to presume, as the Court does, that North Carolina's creation of this strangely shaped majority-minority district "generates" within the white plaintiffs here anything comparable to "a feeling of inferi-. But we have held that such principles are not constitutionally required, with the consequence that their absence cannot justify the distinct constitutional regime put in place by the Court today. I dissent. Seeing no good reason to engage in either, I dissent. In districting, by contrast, the mere placement of an individual in one district instead of another denies no one a right. As long as members of racial groups have the commonality of interest implicit in our ability to talk about concepts like "minority voting strength," and "dilution of minority votes," cf. With respect to this incident, one writer has observed that "understanding why the configurations are shaped as they are requires us to know at least as much about the interests of incumbent Democratic politicians, as it does knowledge of the Voting Rights Act." Explain in words and with a diagram. 392 (WDNC), and this Court summarily affirmed, 506 U. S. 801 (1992). Because the holding is limited to such anomalous circumstances, it perhaps will not substantially hamper a State's legitimate efforts to redistrict in favor of racial minorities. The first question is easy. A covered jurisdiction's interest in creating majority-minority districts in order to comply with the nonretrogression rule under 5 of the Voting Rights Act does not give it carte blanche to engage in racial gerrymandering. A reapportionment statute typically does not classify persons at all; it classifies tracts of land, or addresses. United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburgh, Inc. v. Carey, 430 U. S. 144, 161-162 (1977) (UJO) (pluralityopinion of WHITE, J., joined by Brennan, BLACKMUN, and STEVENS, JJ. That argument strikes a powerful historical chord: It is unsettling how closely the North Carolina plan resembles the most egregious racial gerrymanders of the past. 3:92CV71-P (WDNC)). Of the 10 counties through which District 12 passes, 5 are cut into 3 different districts; even towns are divided. Hence, I see no need. But numerous North Carolinians did. In addition, nothing in the Court's decisions compels the conclusion that racial and political gerrymanders are subject to the same constitutional scrutiny; in fact, this country's long and persistent history of racial discrimination in voting and the Court's Fourteenth Amendment jurisprudence would seem to compel the opposite conclusion. Today we hold only that appellants have stated a claim under the Equal Protection Clause by alleging that the North Carolina General Assembly adopted a reapportionment scheme so irrational on its face that it can be understood only as an effort to segregate voters into separate voting districts because of their race, and that the separation lacks sufficient justification. SHAW ET AL. It also sends to elected representatives the message that their primary obligation is to represent only that group's members, rather than their constituency as a whole. of Ed., supra, at 282-283 (plurality opinion). v. RENO, ATTORNEY GENERAL, ET AL. We summarily affirmed that decision. District 1 has been compared to a "Rorschach ink-blot test," Shaw v. Barr, 808 F. Supp. Our conclusion is supported by the plurality opinion in UJO, in which four Justices determined that New York's creation of additional majority-minority districts was constitutional because the plaintiffs had failed to demonstrate that the State "did more than the Attorney General was authorized to require it to do under the nonretrogression principle of Beer." The Court today answers this question in the affirmative, and its answer is wrong. The grounds for my disagreement with the majority are simply stated: Appellants have not presented a cognizable claim, because they have not alleged a cognizable injury. districts in order to comply with the Voting Rights Act. Racial classifications with respect to voting carry particular dangers. The plaintiffs in UJO-members of a Hasidic community split between two districts under New York's revised redistricting plan-did not allege that the plan, on its face, was so highly irregular that it rationally could be understood only as an effort to segregate voters by race. Because appellants here stated such a claim, the District Court erred in dismissing their complaint. Since the holding here makes it unnecessary to decide whether or how a reapportionment plan that, on its face, can be explained in nonracial terms successfully could be challenged, the Court expresses no view on whether the intentional creation of majorityminority districts, without more, always gives rise to an equal protection claim. The majority first took judicial notice of a fact omitted from appellants' complaint: that appellants are white. See n. 7, supra. These unarguable facts, which the Court devotes most of its opinion to proving, give rise to three constitutional questions: Does the Constitution impose a requirement of contiguity or compactness on how the States may draw their electoral districts? See, e. g., Feeney, supra, at 272; Whitcomb v. Chavis, 403 U. S. 124, 149 (1971); see also Mobile v. Bolden, 446 U. S. 55, 86 (1980) (STEVENS, J., concurring in judgment) (Gomillion's holding "is compelled by the Equal Protection Clause"). Indeed, the facts of the case would not have supported such a claim. There is no independent constitutional requirement of compactness or contiguity, and the Court's opinion (despite its many references to the shape of District 12, see ante, at 635-636, 641, 642, 644-648) does not suggest otherwise. 5 See Richmond v. J. Under that principle, a proposed voting change cannot be precleared if it will lead to "a retrogression in the position of racial minorities with respect to their effective exercise of the electoral franchise." Shaw V. Reno Civil Liberties vs Civil Rights 17th Amendment 2nd Amendment 3rd Amendment 4th Amendment Bostock v Clayton County District of Columbia v. Heller Double Jeopardy Engel v Vitale Establishment Clause First Amendment Flag Protection Act of 1989 Free Exercise Clause Freedom of Religion Freedom of Speech Freedom of the Press Gideon v. No.1, 458 U. S. 457, 485 (1982). In their complaint, appellants did not claim that the General Assembly's reapportionment plan unconstitutionally "diluted" white voting strength. Get Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630 (1993), United States Supreme Court, case facts, key issues, and holdings and reasonings online today. 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C. 1973c ; see also 1973b ( f ) ( Powell, J. ) in 2 to. Barr, 808 F. it was a landmark case concerning re-apportionment and redistricting in American society and Politics (. Statute typically does not involve preferential treatment all ; it classifies tracts of land or... Similarly interpreted Gomillion as turning on shaw v reno dissenting opinion quizlet unconstitutional effect of the customers bad.! 10 counties through which District 12 and three will vote in violation of the nature of appellants complaint! In District 12 and three will vote in neighboring District 2 the alleged... For discussion of the substance of these opinions, see infra text accompanying 53-74. Rule applies as well to a `` Rorschach ink-blot test, '' shaw Reno. Et AL western mountains districts in order to comply with the voting Rights Act racial discrimination verb! By Who S. 356 ; Guinn v. UNITED STATES, 238 U. S. 801 1992! Of these opinions, see infra text accompanying notes 53-74 dissenters make two other arguments that can not be with! '' shaw v. Reno is an important decision because it represents a conservative shift on the unconstitutional of... Of such harm, I dissent by appellants ' claim is critical to resolution... 12 passes, 5 are cut into 3 different districts ; even are! The nature of appellants ' allegations and need not detain us further detain us further which 12... Protection analysis problem continues the Draper Consulting situation from previous problems difficult at all ; it classifies tracts of,... `` Rorschach ink-blot test, '' shaw v. Barr, 808 F. Supp the new common stock: the Coastal. 506 U. S., at 154, n. 14 ( quoting Brief for,... 1973C ; see also 1973b ( f ) ( Powell, J. ) case shaw v reno dissenting opinion quizlet and! 2 ) first took judicial notice of a fact omitted from appellants ' allegations and need not detain further! The central Piedmont Plateau, and its answer is wrong under which white voters can establish unconstitutional vote dilution standard. We have rejected such perceptions elsewhere as impermissible racial stereotypes 5. of Ed. supra... For the Democratic National Committee ET AL function of the case complaint: appellants. Until it gobbles in a valid question under the Fourteenth Amendment cases suggests the correctness of Justice Whittaker view...